Planets (Grahas) have primary and secondary significations

Here are the names of the Grahas in Sanskrit and their primary significations:

 Basic properties of the Grahas

These basic set of significations for the Grahas reveal their core relevance.  These  primary significations of the grahas, are stated in Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra. All the numerous secondary planetary significations can be derived from these essential meanings:

SUN is SURYA signifies the soul and father

Surya (Sun) represents the soul. This can be read in the most flexible and general sense of the word. The word soul is used for the deepest and truest nature, for the ultimate sense of identity, inspiration, and aspiration. Surya signifies one’s essential attributes – the sense of self, ego, self esteem, sense of purpose, and so on. Energies and conditions that arise from the Sun’s placement in a horoscope, along with the influences that the Sun receives, will be experienced in life as deep, long-term trends and processes, that impact one’s life as a whole.

MOON is CHANDRA signifies the mind and mother

Chandra (Moon) represents the mind. It signifies the thoughts and emotions, and the complex psychological faculty that takes input from the senses and tells the body how to respond. The Moon is the single most important planet in Jyotish because the state of mind is responsible for all the emotional responses to life, and therefore defines the subjective perception of life. Conditions affecting the Moon in the chart influence the thinking and feeling processes, mental skills and attitudes, and also responses to the world at large

MARS is MANGALA signifies energy and activity and accidents

. Mangal (Mars) represents energy, assertiveness, and the ability to take action. It represents the way one uses energy on many different levels. It manifests in the mind as the ability to analyze situations; it may also measure the force of ambition. It manifests in the body as physical energy and strength. In the social sphere, Mars represents those relationships that test one’s strength, such as one’s competitors and enemies. The condition of Mars in an individual horoscope will indicate the level of one’s energy and ambition.

MERCURY is BUDHA signifies intellect and speech

Budha (Mercury) represents speech. It, also, governs the logical and intellectual side of the mind, the thinking process that precedes speech and ability to communicate, as well as anything related to a language, use of symbols, logic, information processing, and connecting with people or things. The influences on Mercury in the chart will determine the clarity of one’s intellect and speech, and the ability to communicate

JUPITER is GURU signifies knowledge and spiritual nature

Guru (Jupiter) represents knowledge. Jupiter signifies higher education, wisdom embodied in spiritual traditions, and religion. As gaining knowledge is essential for evolution and spiritual growth, Jupiter also indicates the general principle of growth in life. Physically, Jupiter relates to the growth of the body; mentally, to the increase of happiness and sense of fullness; and socially, to the growth of the family in the form of progeny. Guru signifies prosperity and fortune in life

VENUS is SHUKRA signifies enjoyment

Shukra (Venus) represents reproduction (literally semen). Venus indicates everything that is directly and indirectly related to human reproduction: marriage, sex, harmony, comforts, luxury, pleasures, and beauty. The condition of Venus in the horoscope will define one’s ability to experience harmonious and romantic relationships, and the level on which one deals with sensory experiences.

SATURN is SHANI signifies hard lessons including loss

 Shani (Saturn) represents grief, although this rather harsh description must be understood in more depth, for Saturn is a very important and sometimes deeply spiritual influence in the horoscope. Saturn symbolizes everything that is deep, profound, thorough, long lasting, and serious in life. It is associated with all the aspects of life that teach one how to be more thoughtful and practical, as well as deep and profound. The condition of Saturn in the birth chart will indicate whether these values are put to good use by adding depth and a sense of meaning to life, or whether one refuses to “get serious” and therefore experiences the “grief” of being forced to comply with Saturn’s demands.

The NORTH NODE is RAHU spiritual sacrifice and blessings 

Rahu is the influence of your present Karma. The choices you make this lifetime. For example because of the kindness and graciousness of my Parents, Doris and Ralph and my wife Norma, we did not hesitate to offer hospitality to a Monk who needed a place to stay in Toronto. He turned out to be the renoune Swami Satyananda Saraswati, who lived with us for a year. And we became the center of the Bengali Comunity for that year He taught us about Hinduism and his divine Shaktibad Philosophy and Sociology (see Course in Tantric Yoga). Norma and my Parents taught us self confidence and innate security and a noble morality and kindness to the World and prompted the proper choice that changed our lives.

 Rahu can be very unsteady and erratic force ruled by obsessive passions and unconcerned with ethical notions of right and wrong. Beware what you Desire because Rahu may grant your desires. But it also can be gracious depending upon the type of house that it is in. Because of this, Rahu can bring great material progress, though any success gained under its influence may be short-lived. Depending upon the house, Rahu is tricky and sneaky, and creates illusions of all kinds. It especially manifests in one’s compulsions or uncontrollable passions for good or bad

THE SOUTH NODE is KETU Poison and spiritual power (siddhis)

Ketu is also an unsteady and sometimes treacherous force, but its qualities are more of an abstract, inward nature, in contrast to Rahu who is more concerned with outward, worldly matters. Ketu is the influence of Past Lives.

 Ketu can bring hindrance and obstacles in the physical realm of life, but indicates sparks of insight intelligence and brilliance of the mind depending upon the house that it is in that will make you a saint by fair means or foul

The above significations are extremely important to know by heart.

You should memorize them, and use them often to remind yourself of the essential nature of the Grahas. There are two ways to use these planetary portfolios, as an object or as a quality. As object, the Grahas represent some part of life, and their position in the chart will reveal how that part of life is unique. For example, Chandra represents the person’s mindset, and the influences on Chandra in the chart will show the particular kind of mindset you have. Mercury represents speech, and the influences on Mercury will reveal the particular way you speak. The other way of using the planetary significations is as qualities. For example, if Chandra is prominently placed in the chart, the person will have overall qualities of being mindfull and emotional. An influence from Budha (Mercury) will make the person talkative. Almost all elements in Jyotish can be applied in this dual manner, and later on in this tutorial we will show you many examples of how it is done.

In my chart, Saturn and Jupiter are most prominent, so recognize their qualities as particularly meaningful in your life.

Gender The Grahas are also classified by gender. Chandra and Shukra are female. Surya, Mangal, and Guru are male. Budha and Shani are neuter. The gender of the Graha can be used in almost all types of predictions where gender is involved. An obvious example is the gender of a child or a sibling. If a man has male planets predominant in his chart, he will look very masculine. If he has female Grahas predominant, he will look more refined and feminine. If a woman has female Grahas predominant, she will look very feminine. If she has male Grahas predominant, she will look less refined, and more masculine. The predominance of neuter planets in a male chart makes the man less masculine, and in case of a female she will be less feminine. In both cases, the person will be rather boyish (if it is Budha) or without a dominant gender (if it is Shani). In my chart, the influence among male, female and neuter planets is like this: mostly male[Jupiter and Saturn] Male Grahas extend a predominant influence on your chart, therefore it is likely that you are very masculine in nature.]

Spiritual significance of the Grahas

 Surya (the Sun) represents the Soul, so it tells us how conscious we are of our soul’s unbounded, enlightened nature. A Sun that is very well placed in the chart can indicate a particular clarity about spiritual matters, and an unperturbed sense of who we are deep inside. Having this “solar light” shining brightly brings self-confidence, personal power, leadership and health. When Surya is in a challenging position, this light will not shine as much, and it is hard for the individual to trust that the core of their being is the individualized reflection of the divine light. Not experiencing the connection with one’s own inner source of power will then lead to a weak self confidence, challenging relationships with authorities, and difficulty in balancing one’s ego with that of others.

Chandra (the Moon) represents our mind and mother. The condition of the Moon in the chart will show how enlightened we are in experiencing the Divine Mother within us, how clearly we can feel that our ability to nurture and empathize with others is unbounded and unlimited, and how brightly our mind can shine in sensitivity and comprehension. A person with a very well-placed Moon will feel the world is bright under any circumstance, will be able to experience the world as a place that is nourishing and supporting, and therefore be the same to the world him/herself. When Chandra is challenged, the mind will have shadows and dark corners, and fear that there is a shortage of support to carry us through, blocks our eyes from seeing the Divine Mother shine for us and through us.

Mangala (Mars) represents energy, so it tells us how connected we are to the immense warmth of our cosmic light source. A well placed Mars will let the person experience plenty of energy, flowing warmly, protecting and replenishing. The person brings light wherever action, strategy, or bold moves are needed. A poorly conditioned Mars makes it challenging to see the light in situations of conflict or lack of energy. The connection with nature’s unbounded energy is experienced less easily, less often or less clearly.

Budha (Mercury) represents speech and power of discernment, and reveals the degree of light shining through our intellectual mind, how clearly we can see connections and express our thoughts. A well placed Mercury will produce a radiant mind, and a “happy go lucky” quality in the person. The person can literally shine light on any confusing situation and lighten people’s hearts in the process. A Mercury in a challenging position will make the person feel as if cut off from the source of mental light, and easily experience struggles and darkness when trying to understand logic and gain mental clarity. Expressing feelings and articulating thoughts seem to take a lot of effort as if there is too little light to see inside one’s own mind.

Guru (Jupiter) represents happiness, knowledge and expansion. Guru shows how much of the ever-expanding nature of light a person has working through them. A favorably placed Jupiter brings the awareness that as children of this light that shines in all directions, everything in life is supposed to grow, expand and be understood. Learning and teaching and supporting the spread of knowledge is natural and spontaneous for such people.A Jupiter that is unfavorably placed will make the person feel these areas are not easy, and passing on the light of knowledge comes with hardship and limitations. Such people feel disconnected from the expansive nature of our true spiritual essence.

Shukra (Venus) represents the harmony and manifesting the beauty of life that helps us enjoy everything else. The condition of Venus in the chart reveals how connected we are with the perfectly harmonious and beautiful nature of consciousness, which maintains complete balance of life extremes in perfect symmetry and grace. A well placed Venus will make the person want to see that beauty and grace everywhere, sustain it, spread it, create it. For such a person, intimate relations are a natural extension of what they perceive as their spiritual essence, and enjoyment is effortless. When Venus is not well placed, the person will need to learn how to let harmony be present, and how to appreciate and create balance. They can only experience love and healthy intimacy in certain situations, or at certain times, and need to invest energy in expanding those boundaries.

Shani (Saturn) represents grief, symbolic of how we relate to time. When time seems to pass too slowly, we experience grief. The condition of Saturn in the chart shows how permanent, eternal, and synchronized our connection with the light of consciousness is, being with us at even the most challenging times. A well placed Saturn shows the person knows when to go slow and when to go fast, to always let this light be there for them. By acknowledging the limits of where light can go in our relative existence, we can still maintain the experience of beings of light. A challenging Saturn will allow the person to stray off limits, where no light can reach and suffering prevails. Without Saturn being bright, the person may wonder if things will ever be okay again.

 More qualities of the Grahas

Parashara assigns a number of prime significations to each Geaha, as summarized in the attached table and each can easily be extended to cover a much richer set. Rather than memorizing these, you should try to understand the logic behind it so that you can accurately assess the proper significator when you need to. In italic are given the significations given by Parashara, and a modern elaboration follows. The “Objects represented” row is split in two rows, separately listing categories of people and the person’s ability to assume those roles.

Primordial compounds There are 5 promordial compounds, called “Panchbhootas” in Sanskrit. They represent 5 fundamental elements that everything is made out of. It is useful to understand this, as it helps to quickly categorize people just by their physical appearance.

A person with predominant Fire (from Surya and Mangal), will be noticeable active and intense, with a sharp mind, and a thin body that allows an active life style. He will eat well, but burn off his food quickly. Due to the intensity of the fire element, he can easily be, or appear to be, dominant. S

Someone with predominant Earth (because of a predominant Budha) will have a quality about him of being comfortable and well settled in the physical realm. He will be capable of enjoying earthy matters such as nice smells and luxuries, and is relaxed enough to easily forgive and forget.

When Ether is predominant (from Guru), the person is more mentally oriented, and is capable of understanding the overall superseding structure of things. This gives the ability to be diplomatic in dealing with others, and generally have a good knowledge. The quality of space is seen in an open face and a tall body.

My chart indicates that ‘ether’ is my predominant bhuta.  A person with predominant Water (from Shukra and Chandra) will have a flowing, gentle disposition. As water does not allow permanent impressions, he or she will not easily suffer from stress in the environment. The person will be polite and smooth, and respond to others softly. This harmonizing and gentle disposition causes a rich social life. A predominance of air creates a person who likes, yet is sensitive to change. The person can easily feel disturbed, and react irritated. Just like air tends to move, the person likes traveling. Giving in charity is another expression of how the person can easily move aspects of his life. ] [?–?: Of course, most people will not have just one Bhuta very predominant. In most cases there will be some mixture of 2 or 3 Bhutas, blending their qualities together. The descriptions given are mostly positive, assuming that the planets are capable of expressing themselves positively in the chart. If a planet is afflicted, it will enliven the same Bhutas, but in a negative way. How to determine whether a planet is placed auspiciously, or is afflicted, will be discussed later on.]

There are 5 promordial compounds, called “Panchbhootas” in Sanskrit. They represent 5 fundamental elements that everything is made out of.

More Qualities of the Individual Planets

 Surya (the Sun) Significations of Surya
Rank : Royal
Color : Blood-red
Bhoota : Fire
Caste : Kshatriya
Nature : Satvic
Description : Honey-colored eyes, square body, clean habits, intelligent, bold head
Dhatu : Bones
Abode : Temple
Time period : Ayana
Taste : Pu

Externally, Surya signifies those people or relationships in our life that are strongly related to royalty, power and the identity of the society. These are presidents, leaders, and directors. Since the Sun is at the center of the solar system, controlling the orbit of all the other grahas, it governs people with power or authority. On a smaller scale, this could be a governor, mayor, and in the family environment, the father. Surya represents those buildings that reflect power and dignity, such as temples, mansions and palaces.

Physically, Surya rules the aspects of the body that are most dominant in terms of control (the brain), the maintenance of life (heart) and maintaining the shape (bones). Surya rules the right eye.

Internally, Surya represents our tendency, ability or talent to act as a leader or authority. Qualities signified by Surya: are aristocratic, dominant, authoritative, leading, fatherly, strong. Surya relates to square shapes. Surya represents the element of fire, as well as the many ways fire can expressed in other qualities. In the scheme of colors, the bright red is signified. In the spectrum of taste, the pungent taste is the hottest. Out of the three substances, Dhatu (“metals”, any lifeless substances), Moola (“root”, and plant form) and Jeeva (“life”, any animal or human form), Surya relates to Moola.

Determining what objects are signified by Surya: Of any living being or thing, whatever part of it controls the rest, such as a control board, is related to Surya. In social structures, that is the leader. Within a computer, that would be the cpu. In a car, the combination of steering wheel and pedals. Among objects that belong to a similar group, such as varieties of trees, the Sun would represent the ones that are particularly strong or dominant.

 Chandra (the Moon) Significations of Chandra
Rank : Royal
Color : Tawny
Bhoota : Varuna (water)
Caste : Vaishya
Nature : Satwik
Description : Vata/Kapha, learned round body, auspicious looks, sweet speech,
fickleminded, lustful
Dhatu : Blood
Abode : Watery places
Time Period : Muhurta (about 48 minutes)
Taste : Saline
Strong Direction : North
Trees : Milky trees
Clothes : White silk
Season : Varsha
Substance : Dhatu

Chandra represents highly placed people having a nurturing role, such as queens and first ladies. Whereas Surya gets its importance from being at the heart of the solar system, Chandra gets is from being closest to the Earth, and from our subjective perspective on Earth, being at the heart of the solar system. Surya gets it’s power from mere gravitational pull, but Chandra gets it from being close. Therefore, Chandra represents powerful people that play a more subjective role, nurture or are simply close to us like a mother. The light of the Moon is the reflection of the Sun, most visible in the absence of the Sun. Therefore, Chandra represents people that pass on the inspiration and spirit of the leaders, but in a supportive and gentle way.

Physically, the systems of the body that nurture and feed the body are represented by Chandra. The blood distributes nutrition and oxygen to all parts of the body. In a female, the womb nurtures the child. Whereas the brain is represented by Surya because of it’s controlling function, the hormones that are produced by the brain are represented by Chandra. Of the two eyes, the left eye is represented by Chandra.

Internally, Chandra signifies our mindset and emotions, our response to sensory experiences, our imagination, our ability to care and support others, nurturing skills, empathy.

Qualities signified by Chandra: motherly, caring, nurturing, emotional, sensitive, empathetic, imaginative, social, thoughtful, gentle, childlike charm. Determining what objects are signified by Chandra: Of any living being or thing, the part that is supporting or nurturing the rest of it is signified by Chandra. In a social environment that is whoever takes the initiative first to care of the weak or helpless: mothers, nurses, health care workers and social workers.

Significations of Mangal (Mars)
Rank : Subrahmanya
Color : Short, blood-red
Bhoota : Fire
Nature : Tamasic
Description : Blood-red eyes, fickle-minded, liberal, bilious, given to anger, thin waist,
thin body
Dhatu : Marrow
Abode : Place of fire
Time Period : 24 hours
Taste : Bitter
Strong Direction : South
Trees : Bitter trees
Clothes : Red silk
Season : Greeshma
Substance : Dhatu
Externally, Mangal signifies people that execute commands, or exhibit some sort of strength. Trainers, commanders, CEO, generals, or anyone who plays a highly assertive and potentially aggressive role. Also people who deal with fire, heat, machines, intense competition or weapons.
Physically, Mangal relates to the aspects of the body that deal with energy, strength and defense. The digestive fire and metabolic rate, Pitta in general, the muscles, the immune system, production of antibodies and bone marrow.
Internally, Mangal represents our mental strength, assertiveness, boldness, focus, motivation, will, irritability, and aggression. Qualities signified by Mangal: are strong, intense, assertive, challenging, defending, upholding, resisting, angry, radiant, warm.
Determining what objects are signified by Mangal: Whatever or whoever translates decisions from the decision making entity into action, people and things that are hot, full or energy or dealing with heat. Anything related to engines, motors, or highly mechanical in nature. Anything that has a purpose related to defense or attack

Significations of Budha
Rank : Maha Vishnu
Color : Green
Bhoota : Earth
Caste : Vaishya
Nature : Rajasik
Description : Attractive physique, capacity to use words with many meanings. Fond of jokes, mix of Vata, Pitta and Kapha.
Dhatu : Skin
Abode : Sports ground
Time Period : Ritu (season, approx 2 months)
Taste : Mixed
Strong Direction : East
Trees : Fruitless trees
Clothes : Black silk
Season : Sharad
Substance : Jeeva
Externally, Mercury represents people that communicate a lot, are mediators, translators, messengers, or are involved in any form transfer or transmission of information. Mercury also signifies playful and funny people, people that joke or play with words, people that imitate others, adults that are child-like excited or curious.

Physically, Mercury represents the parts of the body that are involved in internal and external communication: the nervous system (internal), the mouth, lips, and hands (external). Mercury also signifies the skin, as it functions as an exchange organ with the outside world.
Internally, Mercury represents the intellectual mind, logic, discrimination, ability to use language and symbols, communication skills, short term memory, adaptability, and a sense of humor.
Qualities signified by Mercury: are quick, adaptable, witty, funny, boyish.
Determining what objects are signified by Mercury: Whatever part is responsible for communication, quick transfer of information, providing the infrastructure of the system, allowing contrasting parts to work together.

Significations of Guru (Jupiter)
Rank : Indra
Color : Tawny
Bhoota : Ether
Caste : Brahmin
Nature : Satvik
Description : Big body, tawny hair and tawny eyes, kapha, intelligent, learned in all
shastras
Dhatu : Fat
Abode : Treasure house
Time Period : Month
Taste : Sweet
Strong Direction : East
Trees : Fruit bearing trees
Clothes : Saffron
Season : Hemanta
Substance : Jeeva
Externally, Jupiter signifies people who are wise or well educated, scholars, experts, teachers, advisers, people full with life and optimism, jolly and eloquent people, people who are large, people with expansive ideas, people with collections of any kind, people who are balanced in their lifestyles, people who are dedicated to spiritual growth, sweet and fattening food, fruit.
Physically, Jupiter represents growth in the body, fat, the storing and release of energy in the form of fat by the liver, the growth of any tissue, excessive growth (overweight, tumors).
Internally, Jupiter represents happiness, optimism, spiritual growth, intelligence, learning, in particular the ability to get the bigger picture, eloquence, the ability to grow and progress.
Qualities signified by Jupiter: happiness, optimism, expansiveness, eloquence, intelligence, learned, spiritual, collecting, large.
Determining what objects are signified by Jupiter: Whatever part of the system is key or regulates growth, maintains overall balance in the system, is a storehouse for informationSignifications of Shukra
Rank : Sachi Devi
Color : Variegated
Bhoota : Water
Caste : Brahmin
Nature : Rajasik
Description : Charming, splendorous body, is excellent or great in disposition, has
charming eyes, is a poet, Kapha/Vata, curly hair.
Dhatu : Semen
Abode : Bedroom
Time Period : Fortnight
Taste : Aciduous
Strong Direction : North
Trees : Flowering trees
Clothes : Silk
Season : Vasanta
Dhatu : Moola
Externally, Shukra relates to everything that is for the purpose of providing luxury and comfort. Refined, artistic, and elegant things, ornaments, jewelry, art, music, performances and concerts. All people who create or enjoy such things: models, designers, artists, poets, painters, women wearing makeup. Also people involved with creating balance and harmony such as certain
types of counselors and advisors.
Physically, Shukra signifies the semen, the most refined aspect of the male physiology. It rules the reproductive organs in general for both males and females.
Internally, Shukra represents our ability to enjoy and be balanced. This in turn is expressed in how affectionate, gentle and loving we can be to others. Shukra relates to the overall refinement of our system, in all its various aspects.
Qualities signified by Shukra: refined, harmonious, desirous, elegant, social, soothing, affectionate, artistic.
Determining what objects are signified by Shukra: Whatever is related to the beautification and smooth state of the system. Those elements that “oil” the other parts without doing the work itself.

Significations of Shani
Rank : Brahma
Color : Dark
Bhoota : Air
Caste : Sudra
Nature : Tamasik
Description : Emaciated and long body, tawny eyes, vata, big teeth, indolent, lame,
coarse hair.
Dhatu : Muscles
Abode : Filthy ground
Time Period : Year
Taste : Astringent
Strong Direction : West
Trees : Anthills
Clothes : Multi colored robes
Season : Sishira
Substance : Dhatu
Externally, Shani signifies people who maintain low level and basic facilities: service people, workmen, people doing manual labor, cleaning people, servants, people dedicated to their jobs for a long time, very responsible and committed people. Also signified are people who are very introvert or hidden from the public eye, researchers, reclusives, monks.
Physically, Shani signifies the parts of the body that are instrumental in movement. Whereas Surya signifies the bones, Shani signifies the joints, tenants and muscles that keep the skeleton within a range of motions. Shani also signifies the physical aspect of the nervous system.
Internally, Shani indicates traits and abilities related to long term values. responsibility, commitment, the ability to deal with grief, stability, longevity.
Qualities signified by Shani: slow but steady, responsible, cold, withdrawn, humble, restricted, detached, dirty, dark, old.
Determining what objects are signified by Saturn: Whatever parts are most remote from the core, whatever part is essential for the physical longevity, the least attractive parts that have their use in the long run, things related to elimination and separation

Significations of Rahu
Description : Smoky appearance with a blue-mix physique. He resides in forests and is horrible. He is vata in temperament and is intelligent.
Caste : Outcast/cruel people
Trees : Anthills
Clothes : Multi colored clothes
Taste : Lead
Time Period : 8 months
Substance : Dhatu
Externally, Rahu signifies people from outside the community, people who are not part of the ordinary social structures, eccentrics, people who are unpredictable and untraceable.
Physically, Rahu would co-signify the same parts as Saturn.
Internally, Rahu represents desires, and the tendency to identify oneself with external objects. It represents impulsive thoughts and behaviour, and the ability to passionately pursue goals in the most crafty ways.
Qualities signified by Rahu: passionate, impulsive, hard to contain, wild, intelligent, tricky, illusionary, fake, obscure.
Determining what objects are signified by Rahu: Rahu signifies things that are illusionary in  nature, or parts that are of foreign nature, not truly fitting in.

Significations of Ketu
Caste : Mixed caste
Trees : Anthills
Clothes : Rags
Color : Blue gem
Time Period : 3 months
Substance : Jeeva
Externally, Ketu signifies people who are mysterious, who hold abstract or incomprehensible views, who do not show their true identity, spies, mathematicians, people who have flashes of insights, inventors.
Physically, Ketu would co-signify the same parts as Mars.
Internally, Ketu represents detachment, and the ability to contact subtle and powerful states of the mind. Experiences of higher states of consciousness at its best, and delusions at its worst are signified by Ketu.
Qualities signified by Ketu: sudden, unforeseen, subtle, abstract, universal, intelligent, insightful, psychic.
Determining what objects are signified by Ketu: Ketu signifies things that are abstract in nature, or things that are falling apart or disappearing.